Subject
In
English grammar, a subject is one of the two main parts of a sentence. (The
other main part is the predicate.) The subject is sometimes called the naming
part of a sentence or clause. The subject usually appears before the predicate
to show (a) what the sentence is about, or (b) who or what performs the action.
As show below, the subject is commonly a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase.
Types of Subjects
A
subject may be one word or several words.
1)
The subject may be just a single word: a noun or a pronoun. In this
first example, the proper noun Felix is the subject of the sentence:
Felix
laughed.
In
the next example, the personal pronoun he is the subject:
He
laughed.
2)
The subject may be a noun phrase--that is, a word group made up of a
head noun and any modifiers, determiners (such as the, a, her), and/or
complements. In this example, the subject is The first person in line:
The
first person in line spoke to the television reporter.
3)
Two (or more) nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases may be linked by and to
make a compound subject.
Examples
of Subjects
1)
Time flies.
2)
We will try.
3)
The Johnsons have returned.
4)
Dead men tell no tales.
5)
Our school cafeteria always smelled like stale cheese and dirty socks.
Verb
Verbs
are a class of words used to show the performance of an action (do, throw,
run), existence (be), possession (have), or state (know, love) of a subject. To
put it simply a verb shows what something or someone does.
For
example:
1.
Hendra rides a bicycle.
2.
Here, the verb rides certainly denotes an action which Dono performs - the
action of riding a bicycle.
3. She buy some books to learn English verbs.
4.
In this example, the action word is "to buy". It tells us that the
subject "we", that is the person who performs the action of the verb
is "buying some books".
The
verb tense shows the time of the action or state. Aspect shows whether the
action or state is completed or not. Voice is used to show relationships
between the action and the people affected by it. Mood shows the attitude of
the speaker about the verb, whether it is a declaration or an order. Verbs can
be affected by person and number to show agreement with the subject.
Most
statements in speech and writing have a main verb. These verbs are expressed in
"tenses" which place everything in a point in time.
Verbs
are conjugated (inflected) to reflect how they are used. There are two general
areas in which conjugation occurs; for person and for tense.
Conjugation
for tense
Conjugation
for tense is carried out on all verbs. All conjugations start with the
infinitive form of the verb.
The
infinitive is simply the to form of the verb For example, to begin.
The
present participle form (the -ing form), is formed by adding ing to the bare
infinitive. For example, to begin - beginning.
There
are two other forms that the verb can take, depending on the tense type and
time, the simple past form and the past participle.
The
form of the verb or its tense can tell when events take place.
For
example, the verb kiss:
Present
Simple: kiss/kisses
Past
Simple: kissed
Future
Simple: will kiss
Present
Perfect: has/have kissed
Past
Perfect: had kissed
Future
Perfect: will have kissed
Present
Continuous (Progressive): is/am/are kissing
Past
Continuous (Progressive): was kissing
Future
Continuous (Progressive): will be kissing
Present
Perfect Continuous (Progressive): has/have been kissing
Past
Perfect Continuous (Progressive): had been kissing
Future
Perfect Continuous (Progressive): will have been kissing
Conjugation
for person
Conjugation
for person occurs when the verb changes form, depending on whether it is
governed by a first, second, or third person subject. This gives three
conjugations for any verb depending on who is acting as the subject of the
verb. For example: we have I begin, you begin , and he begins. Note that only
the third conjunction really shows a difference.
In
English, we distinguish between regular and irregular verbs. Regular verbs are
those ones which form their past simple and past participle just by adding
"-ed" to the base of the verb. The rest are irregular.
For
example:
*
Dracula bites his victims on the neck.
*
In early October, Giselle will plant twenty tulip bulbs.
*
She travels to work by train.
*
We walked five miles to a garage.
Complement
A complement is
the part of a Sentence that comes after the VERB and is needed to make the
sentence complete. The following are the most important types of complement
used in English:
SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
Eg: She’s a surveyor. (The Subject is completed by the complement to the verb.
This is a Copula
Verb.
OBJECT COMPLEMEN
Eg: He sent him the fax. (The setence is completed by telling us what she sent
to him.)
ADJECTIVAL COMPLEMENT
Eg: They’ll be happy. (The sentence is completed by the Adjective; this could
be extended further,
they’ll be happy to see us, etc..)
PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENT
Eg: They talked about what needed doing. (The setence is completed by the
Phrase linked to
the verb by the Preposition.)
Modifier
A
modifier is a word, phrase, or clause which functions as an adjective or
an adverb to describe a word or make its meaning more specific.
Examples
of Modifiers
Modifiers
can play the roles of adjectives or adverbs.
Modifiers
As Adjectives
When
a modifier is an adjective, it modifies a noun or a pronoun. (In these
examples, the modifiers are shaded, and the words being modified are bold).
1)
Angga caught a small mackerel.
(Here,
the adjective small modifies the noun mackerel.)
2)
Angga caught a small mackerel.
(Don't
forget that articles (i.e., the, an, and a) are adjectives too. Here, a modifies
the noun mackerel as does small.)
3)
Angga caught another one.
(Here,
the adjective another modifies the pronoun one.)
Modifiers
As Adverbs
When
a modifier is an adverb, it modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
For example:
1)
Figan accidentally caught a small whelk.
(Here,
the adverb accidentally modifies the verb caught.)
2)
Figan caught an incredibly small mackerel.
(Here,
the adverb incredibly modifies the adjective small.)
3)
Figan supposedly accidentally caught a small whelk.
(Here,
the adverb supposedly modifies the adverb accidentally.)
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